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Australian Domain Names

All Australian .au domain names are registered for a period of 2 years.
The .com.au domain and the .net.au domain extensions are both designated for use by Australian business with commercial purposes. The .org.au domain is the designated extension for non-commercial organisations.
The .asn.au domain is the designated extension for Associations and the .id.au domain is the designated space for an Australian citizen or an Australian resident.

gTLDs- Generic Top Level Domain Names

All .com, .net, .biz, .org, .info and .mobi domain names prices are for 1 year of registration.
The .com domain is the most popular extension available with more than 61 million registrations. It is the most popular registration undertaken. If you register in the .com.au, it is a good idea to try and register in the .com to lessen your chances of your business being mistaken for someone else.
The .net domain has more than 8 million registrations. Originally intended for network providers, the .net is an unrestricted domain.
The Registry function for the .com and .net is carried out by Verisign® Corporation.
The .org domain is the international domain for organisations. According to ICANN, the .org space was originally intended for "organisations that do not fit elsewhere". It is essentially an unrestricted space, and it is run by The Public Internet Registry or PIR.
The .biz domain is designed for business. It is marketed as the space for business, and the Registry functions are carried out by NeuLevel.
The .info domain is ideal place for information based websites. It is an unrestricted space and the Registry functions are carried out by Afilias.
The .mobi domain is the ICANN designated space for mobiles. It has specific conditions attached to it for use with mobile devices, including adherance to w3 standards.

New Zealand Domain Names

All .nz domain names are registered for a period of 1 year.
The .nz domain is the ccTLD for New Zealand. Registrations are available in seven different second level domains of .ac.nz, .co.nz, .geek.nz, .gen.nz, .maori.nz, .net.nz, .org.nz, and .school.nz. Registry functions are carried out by The offivce of the Domain Commissioner.

.uk domain names

All .co.uk and .org.uk domain names prices are for a registration period of 2 years.
The .uk domain is the ccTLD for the UK. Registrations are available in the second levels of .co.uk for commercial businesses and .org.uk for non profit and charity organisations.
The organisation in charge of Registry operations for the .uk is Nominet.

ccTLDs of .ca, .cc, .cn, .hk, .in, .jp, .kr, .my, .ph, .sg, .tv and .vn

The .ca domain is the official space for Canadians. It requires a Canadian presence as defined by the Registry operator, which in this case is CIRA, or Canadian Internet Registration Authority.
The .cc domain is an open ccTLD for the Cocos Keeling Islands. According to the IANA site, It is managed by a company called eNIC Cocos (Keeling) Islands Ltd.Pty, d/b/a Island Internet Services. Lvl 5/6-10 O'Connell St. Sydney, New South Wales 2000. Australia. This company is a part of the Verisign® Corporation.
The .cn domain is the Chinese ccTLD with defined Rules and restrictions. The Registry is operated by The Ministry for Information Industry, through the China Internet Network Information Centre.
The .hk domain is the official ccTLD for Hong Kong with more than 150,000 registrations. The Registry functions for the .hk is the Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Company Limited.
The .in domain is the ccTLD for India. We process registrations in both the .in and .co.in extensions. Registry functions are carried out by INRegistry.
The .jp domain is the ccTLD for Japan. More than 900,000 names are now registered with the .jp. domain extension. We process registrations in the .jp for both Australian and International companies. Registry functions for the .jp are carried out by JPRS, the Japan Registry Service.
The .kr domain is the ccTLD for Korea. Registry functions for the .kr are carried out by NIDA, the National Internet Develeopment Agency of Korea. Registrations are available in both the .kr and .co.kr.
The .my domain is the ccTLD for Malaysia. Registry functions are carried out by the Malaysian Network Informnation Centre. Domain Registrations are available in the .com.my, .net.my, and .org.my
The .ph domain is the ccTLD for The Philippines. Domain registrations are available in the .ph, .com.ph, .net.ph, and .org.ph. Registry functions for the .ph are carried out by the dotPH Corporation.
The .sg domain is the ccTLD for Singapore. All of the Registry functions for the .sg are carried out by SGNIC, the Singapore Network Information Centre.
The .tv domain is an open ccTLD intended for the Island of Tuvalu. The Registry functions for the .tv are carried out by The Verisign® Corporation.
A great way to learn more about the Domain Name System(dns) is to visit the wikipedia entries for dns, domain name, and ICANN. You might also like to visit ICANN and find out more about what they do once you've read the wiki to get a background.